A

Abercrombie, Lt. Col. James,

86

Acton, Mass.,

55; April 19, 1775, 59, 64, 67, 70

Adams, Abigail,

19, 40, 96, 120, 123, 147, 162, 165

Adams, John,

19, 40, 96, 103, 123, 147, 162; on declaring independence, 120; to discuss settlement, 141; drafts Massachusetts constitution, 201, 202

Adams, John (of Lincoln, Mass.),

215

Adams, Samuel,

46, 47, 201

African Americans:

in Battle of Lexington and Concord, 54, 56; in British army units, 143; emancipation in Massachusetts, 226–228; few deserters among, 192

Albany, N.Y.,

124, 125, 149, 150, 151, 152, 159, 163, 198

Allen, Ethan,

81

Amboy, N.J.,

132

‘‘Americanus,’’

79

Andover, Mass.,

78, 86, 166

Andre, Maj. John,

208–210

Aquidneck Island, R.I.,

186, 187

Arlington, Mass.

See Menotomy (now Arlington), Mass.

Armstrong, Capt. Thomas,

189

army, American:

articles of war of, 97, 99; assault on Canada, 121–122; battle at New York City and Long Island, 125, 139, 140; black soldiers in, 2, 43, 86, 100, 103, 104–105, 126, 146, 168, 184, 194; bounties for recruits, 146, 192; at Cambridge (1775–1776), 78–80; camp followers, 199; casualties at Battle of Bunker Hill, 85; casualties at Brandywine Creek, 155; casualties from entire war, 231; Continental, 25, 106, 149; defense of New York State, 153, 191; desertions from, 191, 198; disbands, 2; discipline in, 97–100; illness in, 26, 79–80; integration of soldiers, 199; living conditions of soldiers, 196; militia with, 106; mutiny of Connecticut line, 203; mutiny of New Jersey line, 212–213; mutiny of Pennsylvania line, 212–213; punishments for o≈cers, 99; punishments for rank-and-file soldiers, 99–100, 200; quota Massachusetts regiments for, 123, 192; riot in, 102; at Saratoga, 156–160; size of, 123, 126–127; soldiers, 1, 2; style of warfare, 66–67; surrender at Charleston, 202; tensions with civilians, 196; volunteers for Canada, 101; war council, 103, 169; winter at Valley Forge, 161

army, British,

37; advance scouts for, April 18, 1775, 47, 50; allies desert, 159; attack on Lexington and Concord, 45, 48, 50, 52–53, 56; 59; attack on Long Island and New York City, 137–142; attempt on New York State, 149; attitude toward American opposition, 46, 80; attitude toward blacks in the service, 43, 90, 103–104, 134, 136; Battle of Saratoga, 156– 160; Boston massacre, 30–31; casualties at Battle of Bunker Hill, 85; casualties at Brandywine Creek, 155; casualties at Lexington and Concord, 72, 74, 77; casualties at Monmouth, 170; desertion from, 191–192; discipline in, 27, 99; evacuates Boston, 107– 108, 119, 134; Hessians with, 150; international force, 136; Indians with, 150, 152–153; loyalists with, 153; in New York City, 197; occupies Boston, 106; rangers, 142, 146, 189; reinforcements in Canada, 122; retreat to Boston, 65–72, 75; siege of Yorktown, 220– 222; slaves fleeing to, 218, 228; southern strategy, 185, 207; surrender at Yorktown, 223– 224; use of black volunteers, 139–140, 229 army, Canadian, 149–150

army, French,

216

army, professional, popular attitude toward,

27–28

Arnold, Benedict,

81, 101, 132; attack on Canada, 121, 122; at Battle of Saratoga, 158, 160; captures Richmond, 213–214; in defense of New York State, 125, 153; treason of, 201, 207–209; trial of, 200–201

Arnold, Peggy,

208

Asgill, Capt. Charles,

181–182

Attucks, Crispus,

31

B

Bacon, John,

72

Bahamas,

181, 228

Baker, Nathaniel,

47, 55, 64

Balcarres, Earl.

See Lindsay, Alexander, Earl of Balcarres,

Baltimore,

131, 177

Bannister, Col.,

224–225

Barber, Edward,

72

Barrett, Amos,

63

Barrett, Col. James,

55, 63, 64, 65

Barrett, Nathan,

72

Batherwick, Mother,

71

Bedford, Mass.,

47, 58; men at Concord, April 19, 1775, 54, 55, 56, 67; militia, 45–46, 53; minutemen, 45, 49, 50, 53, 67, 68; supplies for troops, 96; women, April 19, 1775, 59

Bemis Heights,

154, 157

Bennington, Vt.,

155

Berkshire Mountains,

124

Bermuda,

117

Bettin, Capt. Adam,

212

Beverly, Mass.,

102

Bigelow, Col. Timothy,

146, 231

Billerica, Mass.,

67, 68

Black Brigade,

168; at New York, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142

Black Guides (Black Pioneers),

143, 182

Blackman, Pomp (aka Pomp Baldwin),

147, 170, 232

Blackstone Valley,

124

Bleuke, Col. Stephen,

182

Bloody Angle (Bloody Curve),

66, 67, 73, 77

Bond, Joshua,

144

Bond, Millicent,

155; family background, 144; marriage to Josiah, 133, 144–145. See also Nelson, Millicent

Bond, Millicent (mother of Millicent),

144

Bond children,

144

Boston, Mass.,

9, 11, 14, 50, 59, 60, 89, 127, 161; activists, 29; anger at French fleet, 187; British occupation, 80, 81, 100, 101, 106; British retreat to, 62, 65, 66, 70; Burgoyne’s army to, 161; Declaration of Independence read, 120– 121; evacuation from, 108–109, 119; massacre, 30–31; slaves and slave trade, 31, 32, 33, 34; spying on British army, 45; state regiments at, 123; tea party, 35–36; Tories flee to, 230

Bowdoin, Hon. James,

165, 201

Bowes, Peter,

147

Bowman, Benjamin,

118

Braintree, Mass.,

96

Brandywine Creek,

154

Breed’s Hill,

82, 84, 85

Brewer, Col. Jonathan,

86

Bridge, John,

118

Brindley, William,

178

Bristol, R.I.,

106

British soldiers,

12; buried in Lincoln, 234; discipline of, 67, 169; style of warfare, 66–67; treatment of slaves, 2, 3; view of Americans, 139

Brooklyn Heights, N.Y.,

137, 138, 139

Brooks family,

55, 66, 126, 211

Brooks, Edward,

165

Brooks, Col. Eleazer,

156

Brooks, Deacon Joshua,

5, 6, 8–9; founder of Lincoln, 22

Brooks, Sgt. Joshua, Jr.,

22, 55, 64, 76, 146; with army at Cambridge, 95; at Saratoga, 156

Brooks, Jupiter.

See Jupiter

Brooks, Mary,

5, 6, 9

Brooks, Peter.

See Peter

Brown, Daniel,

76

Brown, Reuben,

59

Brunswick, N.J.,

132, 177

Buckman’s Tavern,

60

Bull Tavern,

69, 77

Bunker Hill,

86, 95, 96, 100, 101, 137; Battle of; 82–85, 113, 116; cowardice during Battle of, 99

Burgoyne, Maj. Gen. John,

82, 149, 163; camp followers with, 150; Indians with, 150, 152; New York campaign, 150–151, 155, 161; Battle of Saratoga, 156–160; negotiations with Gates, 161

Burr, Aaron,

141

Buttrick, Maj. John,

64, 65

Byrd, Thomas,

110

C

Caldwell, Hannah Ogden,

204 Caldwell, Rev. James, 204 Caldwell, James (of Mass.), 226 Caldwell, John, 227 Caldwell, Seth, 227 Cambridge, Mass., 38, 42, 46, 75, 81, 95, 201; army gathered at, 76, 78, 83, 86, 96, 102, 231; Convention army to, 161, 162; during attack on Concord, 59

Camden, S.C.,

219

camp fever (typhus),

96, 98

Campfield, Dr. Jabez,

183

Canada,

152, 182, 197, 207, 228; attack from, 124, 125, 164 (see army, British); attack on, 101, 106, 121; desertion of militia, 159; retreat of Americans from, 122; St. Leger’s retreat to, 161; Tories flee to, 230

Caribbean,

215

Carleton, Guy, Baron Dorchester,

111; Fleet on Lake Champlain, 125; in New York City, 228; threat to Ticonderoga, 149

Castle William,

108

Cato,

19–20, 21, 76, 95

census, First federal (1790),

226, 233–234

Champlain, Lake,

89

Charles River,

99

Charleston, S.C.,

115–116, 136, 219, 224, 228; British attack on, 186, 202, 204; on arming slaves, 186, 218

Charlestown, Mass.,

72, 79, 82, 83, 86, 100, 107, 229; British occupation of, 101; set on fire, 84

Charlestown Neck, Mass.,

75

Chesapeake Bay,

109, 115, 217

Clarke, Elizabeth,

74

Clarke, Rev. Jonas,

5, 15, 17, 70, 81, 105, 106, 133; attack on Lexington, 47, 60; attitude toward blacks, 18; casualties of battle, 74; illness and burials, 80, 118; politics of, 24, 25, 28–29, 30, 45; Washington’s arrival, 97

Clermont-Crèvecoeur, Lt. Jean-François-Louis, Comte de,

216

Clinton, Gen. Henry,

189, 204, 206, 217; Arnold’s treason, 208–210; assumes command from Howe, 167; Battle of Bunker Hill, 85; Battle of Monmouth, 169; on British troops in America, 82; Coercive Acts, 37; fleet to Yorktown, 224; on Huddy’s hanging, 181–182; at New York, 136, 138, 141–142, 149; New York campaign (1777), 158–159, 161, 167; to North Carolina, 114; Phillipsburg proclamation to slaves, 176–177, 178, 186, 218; relationship with Cornwallis, 220; southern strategy, 191, 202

College of Rhode Island (now Brown University),

186

Colts Neck, N.J.,

179

Committees of Correspondence,

28; at Boston,

Conascong, N.J.,

179 Concord, Mass., 6, 14, 20, 22, 37, 53, 133; alarm carried to, 48, 50–51, 147–148; British attack on, 45, 46, 47, 54, 56, 58–59, 61, 62, 91; casualties, 72, 81; Fifteenth Massachusetts men from, 146; loyalists, 44; militia, 54, 62, 64; minute companies, 54, 62, 67; North Bridge, 63, 64, 65, 67; preparations for war, 43–44; on slavery, 32, 45, 54–55; South Bridge, 63; town meeting, 28, 49

Connecticut,

2, 37, 79, 83, 97, 103, 127, 133, 191, 197, 206; loyalists from, 143; at New York, 138; recruiting slaves, 146; troops from, 124, 131, 141, 200, 203, 232

Connecticut Farms, N.J.,

204

Connecticut Gazette,

79

Continental army.

See army, American

Continental Congress,

2, 37–38, 91, 96, 115, 141, 154, 190; appoints Gates to southern command, 219; approves long-term army, 146; army at Cambridge, 82, 107; army and militia to Ticonderoga, 122, 130; on blacks in army, 105, 126, 185–186; collapse of currency, 195–196; defense of New York City, 137; on d’Estaing’s retreat, 188; expedition to Canada, 101; fortfies West Point, 199–200; on independence, 120; leaves Philadelphia, 131, 159; negotiates with mutineers, 213; on Washington, 97

Cook, Elisha,

178

Corlies, John,

87, 88, 109, 111, 143, 178

Corlies, Zilpha,

88

Cornwallis, Gen. Charles:

at Camden, 219; at Charleston, 202; at New York, 136, 138, 169; evicts blacks from Yorktown, 222; in Pennsylvania, 154; relationship with Clinton, 220; siege of Yorktown, 220–222; surrender at Yorktown, 223–224; in Virginia, 217, 219– 220

Cox, Joseph,

170

Crown Point, N.Y.,

122, 151

Cushing, William, Chief Justice,

227–228

D

Danbury, Conn.,

127

Danvers, Mass.,

74–75 Davis, Capt. Isaac, 64 Dawes, William, 46, 47–48, 50, 70, 147 Declaration of Independence, 120, 136, 173 Declaratory Act, 29–30 Dedham, Mass., 55–56 Delaware, 217, 221; regiment from, 138–139 Delaware River, 130, 148, 168 Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., 215 Dorchester, Mass., 79, 82, 83, 107 Dunmore, Earl of. See Murray, John Durnford, Capt., 229 Eastchester, Long Island, 148

E

East India Act,

35

East River, N.Y.,

137, 138, 140, 141

Elizabeth River,

111, 113

Elizabeth’s Point, N.J.,

204

Elizabethtown, N.J.,

178

Ellis, Capt.,

170

Emerson, Rev. William,

29, 63, 65, 81

Emmons, Lucretia,

180

England,

33, 45, 54, 71, 90, 104, 126, 137, 154, 161, 173, 193, 230, 242

Estabrook, Prince,

60, 61

Estaing, Adm. Charles-Henry Comte d’,

187– 188

Ethiopian Regiment,

113, 115, 121; at Great Bridge, 112; at Gwynne’s Island, 116–117; to New York, 117, 134, 136; at Norfolk, 109; training of, 110

F

Fairfield, Conn.,

191

Falmouth (now Portland), Me.,

106

Farrar, Mary,

52

Farrar, Capt. Samuel,

52, 156

Faulkner, Col. Francis,

59

Festus (son of Rose and Prince),

193

Fielding, Lt. William,

107, 108

Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment,

146, 147, 170, 186, 187, 188, 189, 231; disbanded, 211–212

Fifth Massachusetts Regiment,

200

Fishkill River,

160

Fiske Hill,

69–70, 73, 77

Florida,

117

Followers of the Army and Flag,

143, 168

Fort Ann,

151

Fort Arnold,

200

Fort Clinton,

167, 199, 200

Fort Independence,

148

Fort Lafayette,

189

Fort Lee,

130, 142

Fort Montgomery,

167, 199, 200

Fort Putnam,

200

Fort Stanwix,

151, 152–154, 161

Fort Sullivan,

115

Fort Ticonderoga,

81, 83, 101, 121, 125, 130, 132, 133, 160, 172, 207; Americans retreat to, 106, 122–123; British take, 151; cannon from, 106; reinforcements to, 123, 124

Fort Washington,

142

Foster, Edmund,

67, 69

Framingham, Mass.,

55, 67, 72, 85

France, alliance with,

164, 167, 195

Francis, Jacob,

83

Franklin, Benjamin,

80, 141

Free, Jupiter.

See Jupiter Freeman, Isaac, farm of, 157

French and Indian War

, 6, 8, 26, 27, 56, 64, 79, 83, 134, 146; impact on slaves of, 31; rangers in, 142; Washington in, 97

Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Mass.,

98

Frost, Edmund,

71

G

Gage, Gen. Thomas,

37, 39, 45, 79, 106; attack on Lexington and Concord, 44, 46, 50, 70– 71, 91; Battle of Bunker Hill, 81, 82, 84, 85– 86; on recruiting blacks and Indians, 80, 92

Gates, Gen. Horatio,

100, 122, 125; Battle of Saratoga, 154, 155, 156–160, 161; militia reinforcements, 156; takes over army in the South, 219; takes over Northern Army, 154

George III,

27, 37, 44, 71, 120, 182

George’s Island, Md.,

117

Georgia,

38, 185, 202

Gloucester Point, Va.,

223

Glover, Capt. John,

102; attack on Trenton, 131; battle for New York City and Long Island, 140; leads Massachusetts Fifteenth, 148; at Saratoga, 151–152, 154, 157–160

Glover, Jonathan,

148

Grafton, Mass.,

13

Grasse, Adm. François, Comte de,

215, 224

Great Bridge, Va.,

111–113, 115, 116

Great Britain,

182; struggle with Massachusetts before war, 42; war against, 119

Green, Capt. James,

178–179

Green, Gen. Nathaniel,

137, 142, 169; in the South, 219

Grey, Charles,

155

Guildford, Earl of,

92–93

Gwynne’s Island, Va.,

115, 116

H

Hale, Capt. Nathan,

210

Halifax, NS,

107, 134, 162, 165, 172, 231

Halsted, Matthias,

179

Hamilton, Alexander,

209

Hancock, Rev. John,

17, 27

Hancock, John,

38, 46, 47, 104; on army enlistments, 127, 140

Harlem Heights, N.Y.,

129, 141; Battle of, 142

Harlem River,

137

Harrington, Jonathan,

61

Hartwell, Ephraim,

20–21, 26, 29, 51, 77, 95, 232

Hartwell, Isaac,

20, 21, 55, 76, 95, 232

Hartwell, Capt. John,

20, 21, 55, 76, 95, 232, 233; militia company to Cambridge, 107

Hartwell, Jonas,

20

Hartwell, Mary,

20, 21, 77, 232; attack on Concord, 51, 62

Hartwell, Samuel,

20, 21, 76, 95, 232; attack on Concord, 51, 55

Hartwell family,

214, 232; farms, 20, 54, 67, 73; illness of children, 26; men in arms, 95; tavern, 16, 21

Harvard College,

78, 83

Hastings, Lydia (child of Lydia and Samuel),

Hastings, Samuel, Jr., 172, 184, 192; children of, 201, 233

Haynes, Deacon Josiah,

56, 72

Hayward, James,

70

Headley, John,

193–194

Headley, Mary,

193

Heath, Gen. William,

131

Henry, Patrick,

91

Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas,

153

Hessians,

131, 168, 202; at Battle of Rhode Island, 188; at Battle of Saratoga, 158, 160; deserters, 191–192; at New York, 136–139, 141; relationship with British soldiers, 150

Hoar, Brister (Sippio Brister),

232

Hobart Gap, N.J.,

204

Honduras,

112

Hosmer, Abner,

64

Hosmer, Joseph,

64, 215

Howe, George,

83

Howe, John,

44–45, 46

Howe, Adm. Richard,

134–136, 140, 187

Howe, Gen. Richard,

207

Howe, Col. Robert,

113

Howe, Gen. Robert,

213

Howe, Gen. William,

81–82, 83, 85, 100, 141, 148, 154; campaign (1777), 149, 151, 155; evacuation of Boston, 107; at New York, 134, 137, 140; pursues Washington through New Jersey, 130; takes over command, 106

Hubbardston, Vt.,

151

Huddy, Capt. Josiah,

180, 181

Hudson River,

127, 130, 132, 137, 141, 142, 148, 167, 189, 190, 198, 205, 208–209, 217

Hutchinson, Gov. Thomas,

33, 34

I

indentured servants,

87, 88, 93, 143 Indians, 152, 159, 164. See also individual tribes Iroquois, 189

J

Jackson, Judith,

110–111 Jamieson, Col. John, 208 Jefferson, Thomas, 115, 120, 220 Jennison, Nathaniel, 226–227 Jockey Hollow, N.J., 197, 212; deaths at, 198 Jones, David, 152 Jupiter, 5, 6, 31, 55, 64, 76, 119, 176, 213; attitude toward serving in army, 95–96, 105, 126, 127; at Battle of Monmouth, 170; at Battle of Saratoga, 158, 160; change of name, 146, 211; Continental Army service, 43, 145, 146, 148, 150, 152, 155, 157, 165, 168, 185, 194, 230, 231; death of, 225; death of Joshua Brooks, 22–23; freedom of, 192–193, 201, 211, 218–219, 228; illness in army, 163, 190; marriage of, 7, 8, 10, 15, 133, 218; militia service, 27; service in New York, 189–192; service in Rhode Island, 186, 188

K

Kemps Landing, Va., 109, 111

King, Boston, 177–178

King’s Bridge, 142, 216

Kingsbury, Capt. Eleazer, 72

King’s Ferry, 189, 217

Kips Bay, N.Y., 141

Knox, Henry,

209

Knyphausen, Lt. Gen. Wilhelm von,

168–169; attack on New Jersey, 202, 203– 204

Kosciuszko, Thaddeus,

199

L

Lafayette, Maj. Gen. Marquis de,

169, 188, 206, 209

Lake Champlain,

89, 122, 124, 125, 150, 197

Lamson, David,

71

Lane, Job,

68

Lawrence, Rev. William,

18

Learned, Gen. Ebenezer,

159–160

Lechmere’s Point, Mass.,

79, 83

Lee, Gen. Charles,

79, 172, 187; Battle of Monmouth, 169–171

Lee, Col. Henry,

104, 220

Lee, William,

97, 102

Legge, William,

90

Leominster, Mass.,

194

Lewis, Andrew,

116

Lexington, Mass.,

9, 13, 14, 15, 22, 147, 186, 211, 213, 225, 233; battle at, 60, 61, 81, 172; British advance on, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 55, 59; British retreat from Concord, 69, 70; casualties, April 19, 1775, 72, 74, 75; church, 5, 17–18, 105, 144; churchyard, 118; Fifteenth Massachusetts recruits from, 146, 152, 192; illness in, 80, 118–119; men to defend New York State, 154; minutemen, 42; on slavery, 32; slaves in local company, 145, 232; smallpox in, 107; town meeting, 6, 28, 34–35, 36, 42

Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin,

127, 131, 221; at Charleston, 202, 219; at Saratoga, 158; at Yorktown, 221, 224

Lincoln, Levi,

227

Lincoln, Mass.,

1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 25, 54, 95, 133, 152, 163, 186, 194, 211; after the war, 230– 231, 234; bounties for recruits, 215–216; British advance on Concord, 45, 52, 55, 56, 58, 64, 65, 74; church, 17–18, 185; Fifteenth Massachusetts men from, 146, 192; illness in, 26, 118; men in assault on Canada, 122–123; men to Cambridge, 75, 77–78, 127; men to Fort Ticonderoga, 122, 124, 125, 127; militia of, 27, 49–50, 72; minutemen of, 42–43, 51, 52, 62, 67, 72; population of, 16; preparation for war, 37, 44; response to tea tax, 35, 36; retreat from Concord, 66, 69, 72; on slavery, 32; smallpox in, 106, 122; supplies for troops, 96, 127, 166; Tory leanings of, 29; town meeting, 19, 21, 28–29, 119–120, 165–166, 205; winter in, 105, 161

Lindsay, Alexander, Earl of Balcarres, 158

Lippincot, Capt. Richard, 181

Livingston, Gov. William,

179

Long Island, N.Y.,

137, 139, 140–142, 154–155, 172

Louis XVI,

182

Lowndes, Rawlins,

229

loyalists.

See Tories, American

Lynn, Mass.,

102

M

Maclean, John,

110

Madison, James,

92

Maine,

101, 121, 166, 232

Manhattan, N.Y.,

137, 139, 142

Mansfield, William, Lord,

33

Marblehead, Mass.,

37, 39, 148; regiment from, 102, 140

Marion, Francis,

220

Marter, Gilbert van,

179

Martin, Joseph Plumb,

1, 78, 195, 198, 209–210, 217, 218, 226; after the war, 232; on blacks abandoned by Cornwallis, 222–225; on lack of food, 130, 190; mutiny of Connecticut line, 203; on sleeping rough, 129–130, 190, 191

Martin, Gov. Josiah,

92

Martinique,

187

Maryland,

82, 177, 199, 221; Council of Safety, 117; regiment from, 138–139, 170

Mason, Elijah,

95

Mason, Grace (wife of Joseph),

233

Mason, Jonas,

52, 76

Mason, Joseph,

21, 30, 52, 77; in army, 95; death of, 233; farm of, 54, 66

Mason, Cpl. Joseph, Jr.,

52, 76; in army, 95, 156

Massachusetts,

1, 11, 79, 91, 103, 147, 161, 197; attitude toward conflict with British, 44; census, 233–234; constitution proposed, 173, 201; declaration of rights in constitution, 202; delegation to Continental Congress, 96–97; laws on slavery, 7–8, 33, 183; men of, 61, 176; men serving patriot armies, 2, 102, 124–125, 154, 199, 203; opposition to slavery, 126, 173; opposition to slave trade, 32; regiments called for from, 78, 205, 215; regiments to Peekskill, 129, 130, 132; on slave marriages, 7; slavery unconstitutional, 227–228; slaves in, 5, 9, 33–34

Massachusetts Committee of Safety,

38, 42, 74, 75, 78; siege of Boston, 83; on slaves serving in army, 81, 86

Massachusetts Fifteenth Regiment.

See Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment

Massachusetts legislature (General Court),

28, 30, 31, 32–33, 86, 148, 166; casualties from expedition to Lexington and Concord, 72; and Great Britain, 42; permits smallpox inoculation, 123; recruits from, 127; response to tea party, 37; on slavery, 126; vote on independence, 120

Massachusetts Provincial Congress,

38, 42, 43– 44, 45, 79; on army at Cambridge, 97, 99; calls for aid, April 20, 1775, 74; plans army, 78, 81, 86

Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court,

226– 228

Massachusetts Thirteenth Regiment.

See Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment

McCrea, Jane,

152, 153

McDougall, Gen. Alexander,

132

Medford, Mass.,

71

Menotomy (now Arlington), Mass.,

71–72, 74– 75

Middlesex County,

16, 37, 43; militia of, 59

MiΔin, Gen. Thomas,

138

Milford, Conn.,

78

Militia,

42, 127; leaving during battle for New York City, 140; slaves serving in, 27; wartime casualties, 231

Milliken, Lydia,

70, 231

Minutemen: organization of,

42; preparations, 43; in Virginia, 93. See also army, American; individual states and towns

Mohawk Valley,

150, 152

Monmouth, Battle of,

164, 169–170, 176

Monmouth County, N.J.,

87, 88, 143; fears of slave uprisings, 92, 178, 179, 181

Monmouth Court House,

164, 169

Montgomery, Brig. Gen. Richard,

101, 121, 122

Montreal,

121, 150, 153

Moody, Jon,

178 Moore, Cambridge, 53–54

Moore, Capt. John,

53–54

Morgan, Daniel,

99, 121, 220; at Saratoga, 157– 158, 150

Morris, Ens. John,

178–179

Morristown, N.J.,

197, 200, 202, 204, 212, 213

Mott, Maj. James,

179

Moultrie, Col. William,

116

Mount Independence, fort at,

124

Mount Vernon,

87, 94

Munroe, Capt. Edmund,

146, 170

Munroe, George,

170

Munroe, Jedediah,

69

Munroe, Robert,

61

Murray, John, Earl of Dunmore,

111; background, 89; contact with London, 89; fiight of, 92, 109; at Great Bridge, 112–113; at New York, 134, 136; o√er to negotiate, 114–115; proclamation, 87–89, 92, 93, 94, 103–104, 105, 109, 126, 176, 218, 228; raid on Virginia arsenal, 91–92. See also Ethiopian Regiment

Murray, Joseph,

179, 180

N

Nantasket, Mass.,

107

Narragansett Bay, R.I.,

186

Navigation Acts,

27

navy, American,

147; casualties, 231

navy, British,

224, 231; attack on Charleston, 115–116; attack on Long Island and New York City, 140–142; attack on New England coast, 191; captures Newport, 186; clash with French fleet, 221; fleet at New York, 120, 134, 175, 230; on Hudson, 132, 167, 189; at Lake Champlain, 125, 161; to southern states, 185– 186, 202

navy, French,

167–168, 187–188, 204, 206, 214; defeats British fleet, 221; with de Grasse, 217

Needham, Mass.,

52, 72

Nelson, Elizabeth (née Flagg),

2, 7, 75, 76; British advance to and retreat from Concord, 48, 53, 56–57, 58, 69; childless, 8–9, 13, 14, 41, 126, 174; death of, 108, 118, 119, 133, 213; family background, 13; managing alone, 95, 96, 102, 105; marriage 13–14, 133; politics of, 45; relationship with Peter, 15–16, 42, 127, 162, 184

Nelson, Elizabeth (daughter of Millicent and Josiah),

174, 184, 201

Nelson, Jonathan,

13, 14, 15, 18, 96, 118; absence of military service, 43, 76, 155; British advance to and retreat from Concord, 58, 62, 69; death of, 171–172, 174, 183, 184, 213; help to Peter, 124; relationship with Peter, 41–42,

Nelson, Josiah,

2, 6–7, 10, 13, 27, 77, 105, 107, 150; British advance to and retreat from Concord, 48–49, 53, 58, 56, 61, 67, 68, 69, 73; at Cambridge, 95, 102; childless, 8–9, 14, 41, 126; death of, 233; death of Elizabeth, 118, 119, 121; emancipation of Peter, 192–193; as a father, 162, 184, 201, 233; land and stock, 1, 11, 14, 17, 20; marriage to Millicent Bond, 133, 144, 145; militia, 43, 75–76; politics of, 29, 30, 45; possibly at Ticonderoga, 124, 125; relationship to Peter, 16, 42, 126, 127, 155, 165, 166, 192, 214; serves town government, 165–166; status of, 8–9; warns Bedford, 49, 54

Nelson, Josiah (son of Millicent and Josiah),

162, 165, 184, 201

Nelson, Lydia (wife of Thomas),

13, 14, 16, 96, 118, 119; British advance and retreat to and from Concord, 53, 58, 69; death of, 233; death of son, 171–172, 184; help to Peter, 124

Nelson, Lydia (daughter of Thomas; aka Lydia Hastings),

13, 14, 15, 118; British advance and retreat to and from Concord, 58, 69; children born to, 201, 233; help to Peter, 124; marriage of, 172, 184; relationship with Peter, 41–42, 105

Nelson, Millicent (née Bond),

155–156, 162, 165, 166, 201; death of, 233; Peter’s emancipation, 193, 214; pregnancies and children, 145, 156, 166, 174, 184, 233. See also Bond, Millicent

Nelson, Peter.

See Peter

Nelson, Sarah (daughter of Millicent and Josiah),

201

Nelson, Tabitha (mother of Josiah),

13, 22

Nelson, Tabitha (sister of Josiah),

13, 16, 23, 49, 76, 96, 118, 119; battle at woodlot of, 61, 62, 68, 69; British advance, 53, 56–57, 58; death of, 172, 174

Nelson, Thomas (father of Josiah),

9, 12–13, 17, 171; death of, 23–24; wife’s death, 22

Nelson, Thomas (brother of Josiah),

11, 13, 14, 17, 29, 30, 96, 118; absence of military service, 76, 155; British advance and retreat to and from Concord, 53, 61, 68–69, 73; death of, 233; death of son, 171–172, 184; help to Peter, 124

Nelson family,

5, 12–13, 18, 28, 47

Newark, N.J.,

179

New England,

2, 78, 96, 164, 191, 207; allegiance of residents, 137; attitude toward British use of Indians, 152, 154; attitude toward children of slaves, 8; attitude toward the French, 217; blacks in regiments, 92–93, 218; militia to Washington, 123; political tensions, 25, 30; regiments to and in Hudson

New England (continued) Highlands,

197, 204; regiments to Ticonderoga, 122; return to, 161; slaves in, 8; soldiers to suppress mutiny, 213; winter weather, 129, 133, 186

New Hampshire,

124; emancipation in, 228; militia of, 155; regiment of, 85

New Haven, Conn.,

191

New Jersey,

39, 88, 117, 131, 132, 164, 168, 175, 189, 217, 218; attitude of residents, 130, 149, 176, 196; desertion rate of troops from, 198; loyalists in, 181, 202–203; mutiny of New Jersey line, 212–213; raids on, 2; slaves in, 43, 90, 92, 177, 178, 180, 219; Titus’s knowledge of, 136, 143; war in, 176, 230; Washington’s retreat to, 142

New Jersey Gazette,

178, 179

Newport, R.I.,

186, 187, 188, 206

New Windsor, N.Y.,

212

New York,

37, 39, 82, 89, 117, 132, 156, 169, 173, 175, 188, 207, 220, 232; attitude toward British use of Indians, 152; Black Pioneers in, 143; British designs on, 149, 152, 154, 159, 161; Convention, 141; Declaration of Independence read, 120; during war, 1–2, 230; militia, 157; rangers from, 143; refuge for loyalists, 92; regiments of, 170; reinforcements to, 123, 124, 127, 131, 197; slaves in, 2, 8, 43, 139, 166, 178, 219; slaves transported to, 228

New York City,

110, 121, 125, 127, 148, 159, 166, 168, 176, 204; British attack and seizure of, 136–137, 140, 142, 149; British fleet at, 134, 202; Clinton to, 191; Howe’s army to, 131; navy to, 187; slaves in, 177, 218; Washington’s designs on, 206–207, 215–216

New York Journal,

179

Nixon, Capt. John,

78, 84, 85; Saratoga campaign, 151–152, 154, 157–160

Norfolk, Va.,

93, 103, 110, 111, 114; occupied by Dunmore, 109, 113; occupied by patriot army, 112–113

North Carolina,

111, 114, 219; Black Pioneers in, 143; fears of black uprising, 92; troops of, 189

Northampton, Va.,

103

Norwalk, Conn.,

191

Nova Scotia,

110, 182

O

O’Hara, Gen. Charles,

224 Ohio River, 89 Old Point Comfort, Va., 220 Oliver, Peter, 147 Oneidas, 153 Oriskany, 153 Ottowas, 152 Paine, Thomas, 195, 196

P

Paoli Massacre,

155

Parker, Capt. John,

47, 54; at Lexington Green, 59, 60; revenge of, 62, 69

Parker, Jonas,

61

Parker, Commodore Sir Peter,

115–116, 136

Parker, Thaddeas, wife of,

118–119

Parks family (of Lincoln, Mass.),

55

Parliament,

28, 188; House of Lords, 89; passes militia acts, 27; taxes on commodities (1764– 1765), 28; on use of blacks against whites, 92

Parsons, Theophilus,

173

Paterson, Gen., William,

157, 158

Peekskill, N.Y.,

127, 133, 148, 150, 151–152, 166, 167, 205–206; attack on, 133, 149

Peggy,

5, 6, 9, 10, 23, 31, 32, 105, 119, 124, 127, 201, 233; in church, 18, 28; death of William Reed, 164; freedom bought, 216, 225, 228; Jupiter’s enlistment, 147, 152, 156; Jupiter’s freedom, 211; marriage of, 7, 8, 15, 133, 218; Peter’s enlistment (1777), 156; possibility of emancipation, 126, 165, 193, 201

Peggy (Peter’s sister),

6, 15, 17, 164, 233; freedom bought, 216, 225, 228

Pendleton, Edmund,

112, 115

Pennsylvania,

82, 88, 160, 189; Black Pioneers in, 143; Continental Army retreats to, 130; Continental line from, 203; emancipation in, 228; loyalists in, 149; mutiny of Pennsylvania line, 212–213; regiment to Cambridge, 102; regiment from, 170

Pennsylvania Packet,

87

Percy, Hugh Lord,

70

Peter,

13, 15, 16, 30, 32, 37, 107; alone at home, 124, 125; baptism, 5–6; Battle of Bunker Hill, 82, 84–85, 86; British advance on Concord, 41, 53, 56–57, 58, 59, 61; British retreat from Concord, 66, 69, 73; in Continental Army, 193–196, 197, 201, 204–205, 230; death of, 234; death of Elizabeth, 118, 119, 121, 145; deaths in childhood, 21–24; education, 18– 19, 21; emancipation, 184, 192, 201; enlists for three years, 215–216; home in Lincoln, 11, 127, 150, 157, 165, 183–184, 214, 233; Jupiter’s military service, 146–147, 152; with Lincoln regiment (1775), 75, 77, 78–79, 80, 95–96, 97, 99, 101, 102; military service, 3, 81, 98, 125, 126, 166, 167, 176, 204–208; names used, 76, 155, 184, 193; in New York City, 230; to Peekskill, 127–129, 130, 148, 171; prohibitions on blacks serving in military, 87, 100; receives high bounty, 215–216; relationship with Millicent, 145, 146; returning home, 1, 105, 132–133, 173–174, 210, 211–212; sale of, 3, 6–10, 28; to Saratoga, 155, 160, 161; on slavery in the South, 218; war casualties, 231; working in Lincoln, 214, 234; Yorktown campaign, 217–219, 221–222

Peters, Thomas,

143

Philadelphia,

38, 87, 91, 96, 120, 167, 169, 201– 202, 207, 208, 220, 221; abandonment by British, 168; abandonment by Congress, 159; mutineers marching to, 212–213; threat to, 130, 131, 149, 154

Phyllis (slave of von Riedesels),

230

Pierce, Col. Abijah,

64–65, 78

Pitcairn, Maj. John,

60–61, 66, 69–70, 85

Pittsfield, Mass.,

173

Pompey,

190

Pompton, N.J.,

213

Poor, Gen. Enoch,

159

Poor, Col. Thomas,

166

Poor, Salem,

86, 170

Portsmouth, Va.,

109

Potomac River,

109, 117, 177

Prescott, Abel,

55, 72

Prescott, Gen. Richard,

187

Prescott, Dr. Samuel,

47–48, 50–51, 54, 55, 70, 231; serves on privateer, 147–148, 162

Prescott, Col. William,

82, 83, 84, 85, 86

Prince (slave to John Headley; aka Prince Sharon),

193–194, 214

Prince (son of Rose and Prince),

193

Princess Anne County, Va.,

109

Princeton, N.J.,

131, 132

Privateers,

126, 147

Prospect Hill, Mass.,

79, 100

Providence, R.I.,

186

Putnam, Gen. Israel,

83; at battle for New York City and Long Island, 137, 138, 141, 142

Putnam, Col. Rufus,

200

Q

Quakers, on abolition and emancipation,

88 Quebec, 82, 101, 121, 207 Quebec City, 121, 160 Queen’s Own Loyal Regiment, 115 Queen’s Rangers, 142–143, 178, 179, 180

R

Randolph, Peyton,

91

Reading, Mass.,

67

Reed, Col. Jonathan,

156

Reed, Lt. Oliver,

165, 172–173

Reed, Robert,

233

Reed, Sarah,

6, 23, 164

Reed, William, Esq.,

6, 8, 18, 23, 28; protest against tea tax, 35

Reed, William, Jr.,

60, 164, 165; child of, 119

Reed family,

60 Refugee Town, 143, 175, 179

Revere, Paul,

31, 46, 70, 147; taken prisoner, 47– 48, 49, 50, 231

Revolutionary War,

49

Rhode Island,

100, 103, 132, 189; black regiments in battle, 188; French fleet to, 204; government retreats to Providence, 186; recruiting slaves, 146

Richardson, Abner,

231

Richardson, Capt. Edward,

166

Richmond, Va.,

91

Riedesel, Gen. Baron Friedrich von,

229–230

Riedesel, Baroness Frederica, von,

229–230

Rochambeau, Gen. Jean–Baptiste, Comte de,

206, 214, 221

Rogers, Robert,

142

Rose (slave to John Headley),

193–194, 214

Roxbury, Mass.,

79, 82, 103

Russell, Charles,

29

Russell, John,

179

Rutland, Vt.,

81

Rutledge, Edward,

141

Ryan, William,

100

S

Salem, Mass.,

32, 37, 39, 59, 126; regiment from, 102

Salem, Peter,

85, 86

Sandwich, Lord,

80

Sandy Hook,

134, 143, 169, 175, 176, 179, 180

Saratoga,

155; Battle of, 156–160, 161, 163, 164, 207, 221, 223

Savannah, Ga.,

185, 228

Schuyler, Gen. Philip,

101, 121, 124, 125, 132, 152, 154; abandons Ticonderoga, 151; reinforces Fort Stanwix, 153

Scots regiments,

139

Sharon, Peter.

See Peter

Sharon, Prince.

See Prince

Sharon, Silas,

194

Shawnee,

89

Shephard, Capt. Elisha,

170

Short Hills, N.J.,

204

Shrewsbury, N.J.,

176; Quakers of, 88, 89, 178

Sierra Leone,

182

Silas (son of Rose and Prince; aka Silas Sharon),

193–194

Simonds, Daniel,

119

Simonds, Joshua,

61, 72

Simonds, Mrs.,

119

Skene, Col. Philip,

151

Skenesborough,

151

slavery:

in Caribbean, 31, 89, 93; in South, 31, 89; protests against, 31, 32. See also slaves

slaves:

attitude toward conflict between colonies and Britain, 25, 39–40, 43; in British army, 180–181; children in the North, 5, 41; children in the South, 5, 41; in church in Lexington and Lincoln, 17–18; evacuated by British, 228–229; flock to British, 2, 117; freed by British armies, 220; in Lincoln, 16; marriages in New England, 7; in militia, 43; in patriot army, 80, 81, 218–219; protests against slavery, 33–34; punishment for flight, 88–89, 90–91, 93; punishment for insurrection, 91; rumors of uprisings, 90; sales of, 5, 31–32; substitutes in army, 219; women and children under British protection, 110. See also individual states and towns

slave trade,

93

smallpox,

26; in Boston, 38, 80, 96, 106, 222; in Concord, 38; during assault on Canada, 121– 122; in the Ethiopian Regiment, 114, 115; inoculation debate, 38–39; in Lincoln and Lexington, 118–119, 171; in Washington’s army, 96, 98, 106, 125, 163–164

Smallwood, Col. William,

138

Smith, Catherine Louisa,

19, 51, 68, 76, 95, 147, 162, 185, 214, 232

Smith, Charles Salmon (son of William Smith),

185

Smith, Lt. Col. Francis,

60–61, 65, 69

Smith, Louisa Catherine (daughter of William Smith),

19, 52

Smith, Mary (daughter of William Smith),

123

Smith, Capt. William,

19–20, 24, 68, 96, 185, 214, 231; attack on Concord, 51–52, 64, 66; company to New York, 127; death of, 232; minute company to Cambridge, 75–76, 95, 156; returns from prison, 172–173; serves on privateer, 147, 162, 165; wanting commission, 123

Smith, William (son of Capt. William Smith),

51

Smith, Rev. William,

19, 232

Smock, Barnes,

179

Somerset v. Stewart,

33, 34, 90

Somerset County, N.J.,

92

Sons of Liberty,

20, 24, 28, 29, 30, 47; on tea tax, 35

South Carolina,

37, 202, 204; on arming slaves, 185–186; Black Pioneers in, 143; slaves from, 177

Spencer, Gen. Joseph,

142

Springfield, N.J.,

204

Stamp Act,

28; opposition to, 29; repeal of, 29, 30

Stark, John, 155 Staten Island, N.Y.,

134, 136, 175, 179, 180, 217

St. Claire, Arthur,

151

Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm, Baron von,

170, 205

Stillwater,

157

St. John’s, NS,

121, 150

St. Lawrence River,

121, 150

St. Leger, Lieu. Col. Barry,

150, 151, 152–153, 161

Stony Point, N.Y.,

189, 191

Stow, Mass.,

55, 67

Sudbury, Mass.,

55, 56, 67, 72, 78

Su√olk, Va.,

111

Sullivan, Gen. John,

122, 137, 138, 189; Battle of Rhode Island, 187–188; at Brandywine Creek, 154–155

Sussex County, Va.,

113

Sutton, Prince,

147

T

Tarleton, Lt. Col. Banastre,

219

Tarrytown, N.Y.,

208

Tartar,

147, 162, 165

taxes on commodities: boycott of British goods,

29, 30; on tea, 35

Thacher, Dr. James,

181, 197–198, 205, 213; violence in the South, 219; Yorktown siege, 221, 222

Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment,

193, 198, 205, 207; disbanded, 211–212

Thomas, Maj. Gen. John,

103, 122

Thompson, Daniel,

67–68

Thorning, Abigail,

14, 105, 155, 183, 213

Thorning, John, Jr.,

14, 52, 76, 183; British attack on Concord, 58; to Saratoga, 156

Thorning, John, Sr.,

15, 52, 155

Thorning, Mary,

14, 105, 155, 183, 213

Thorning, Sally,

14, 15, 105, 155, 183, 213

Thorning, William,

14, 52, 76, 77, 96, 183; British attack on Concord, 58; retreat from Concord, 68; to Saratoga, 156

Ticonderoga.

See Fort Ticonderoga

Titus (Col. Tye),

43, 167, 176; battle for Long Island and New York City, 136–138, 139; at Battle of Monmouth, 170; captain then colonel of ranger unit; 143, 168, 177–180; choosing sides, 134; death of, 180; given title colonel, 143, 170; at Great Bridge, 112; at Gwynne’s Island, 116–117; flight of 87, 88–89, 90, 92; military training, 109–110; at New York, 134, 136; at Tucker’s Point, 113–115

Tories, American,

2, 42, 44, 45, 115, 149, 168; in British army, 136, 150; flee to Canada, 182; flee to Caribbean, 228; flee to Sandy Hook, 175; leave Dunmore fleet, 117; leave Lincoln, 230; of Lincoln area, 49; in New Jersey, 178, 202; in New York area, 137, 138, 139; of Norfolk area, 109, 113; and raid on Concord, 63– 64; in ranger units, 143; violence in the South, 219

Townshend Act,

30

Trask, Israel,

102

Trenton, N.J.,

131, 132

Tucker’s Point, Va.,

113

Tudor, William,

99

Tye.

See Titus

V

Valley Forge, Pa.,

147, 161, 163, 168, 211; deaths at, 198

Verger, Jean-Baptiste de,

223

Vermont, 154;

Green Mountain Boys, 81

Verplanck’s Point,

189, 191

Violet,

20, 21, 51

Virginia,

37, 82, 86, 87–88, 161, 204; Arnold’s raid on, 213–214; campaign to besiege York-town, 217; Committee of Safety, 111, 114–115; Convention, 90–91, 93, 112, 114; Dunmore’s proclamation, 103–104; House of Burgesses, 89, 91, 112; massacre at Waxhaws, 219; militia of, 109, 111–112; on rifle company, 99, 101– 102; slavery in, 218; troops from, 131, 157; violence in, 219, 230

Virginia Gazette,

93

Vulture,

208, 209

W

Walker, Quock,

226–228

Walpole, Horace,

150

Ward, Maj. Gen. Artemas,

79, 84, 123

Warner, Capt.,

178

Warren, James,

45, 196

Warren, Joseph,

85

Washington, Gen. George,

79, 91, 94, 95, 117, 125, 168, 176, 186; on army at Cambridge, 97, 102; army takes over New York City, 230; Arnold’s treason, 208–209; attack on Trenton, 131, 148; Battle of Monmouth, 169–171; Battle of Rhode Island, 187; on blacks in army, 87, 100, 103–105, 126; at Brandywine Creek, 149; on British evacuation from Boston, 107; calls up New Jersey militia, 204; campaign to besiege Yorktown, 217, 220; concern about disease in army, 98, 106; concern about enlistments, 127, 140, 205, 211– 212; concern about supplies, 129; defense of New York City and Long Island,

137–142; defense of New York State, 154, 204; disbands army, 2–3; on Dunmore’s army, 115; on expedition to Canada, 121–122; gets longer-term army and conscripts, 146; on Huddy’s hanging, 181–182; at Morristown, 197, 202; New York campaign (1776), 121, 206; orders army inoculated for smallpox, 163–164; orders to Massachusetts regiments, 123; orders for winter exercises, 200; plans attack on New York City, 215; protection of Philadelphia, 149, 159; recapturing Stony Point, 189–190; retreat to New Jersey, 142; on his soldiers, 199; takes command of army, 86; victory at Yorktown, 223–224; view of militia, 123, 154; winter at Hudson Highlands, 224; winter at Valley Forge, 161

Washington, Martha,

96

Washington, Lund,

87, 94, 97, 123

Watch companies,

42

Watertown, Mass.,

42, 173

Wayne, Brig. Gen. Anthony,

155, 169, 170, 212; captures Stony Point, 190

Wesson, Timothy,

232

West Indies,

112, 117, 183, 224

West Point,

1, 192, 198, 209–211; Arnold plans to betray, 201–209; fortification of, 199–200

Wheatley, Phyllis,

104

White, John,

100

White, Philip,

181

White Plains, N.Y.,

142

Whittemore, Samuel,

71

Wick, Henry,

197, 213

Wick, Temperance,

212–213

Wild, Ebenezer,

221

Williamsburg, Va.,

89, 91, 111, 221

Wilson, Capt. Jonathan,

53, 67–68, 72

Winship, Prudence,

118

Winship, Samuel,

118

Winter Hill,

100

Woburn, Mass.,

67, 68

Wolfe, Gen. James,

82

Woodford, Col. William,

89, 93, 111–112

Worcester, Mass.,

43–44, 45, 124, 133, 146, 231

Wyman, Nathaniel,

68

Y

York River,

220, 223

Yorktown,

2; slaves fortifying, 220–221